시간 제한메모리 제한제출정답맞힌 사람정답 비율
2 초 256 MB77171637.209%

문제

The sequence a1, a2, . . . , an is called a permutation, if it contains every integer from 1 to n.

The permutation of vertices a1, a2, . . . , an is a topological sort of a directed graph, if for every directed edge from u to v, vertex u comes before v in this permutation.

The permutation a1, a2, . . . , an is lexicographically smaller than the permutation b1, b2, . . . , bn, if there exists m such that ai = bi for every 1 ≤ i < m and am < bm.

Given a directed acyclic graph, add at most k directed edges to it in such a way, that the resulting graph still has no cycles and the lexicographically minimal topological sort of the graph is maximum possible.

입력

The first line of the input file contains three integers n, m and k — the number of vertices and directed edges in the original graph, and the number of directed edges, that you are allowed to add (1 ≤ n ≤ 100 000; 0 ≤ m, k ≤ 100 000).

Each of the following m lines contains two integers ui, vi, describing directed edge from ui to vi (1 ≤ ui, vi ≤ n).

The graph has no cycles.

출력

The first line of the output file should contain n integers — the lexicographically minimal topological sort of the modified graph. The second line should contain a single integer x (0 ≤ x ≤ k) — the number of directed edges to add. The following x lines of the output should contain description of added directed edges in the same format as in the input file.

예제 입력 1

5 3 2
1 4
4 2
1 3

예제 출력 1

5 1 4 2 3
2
4 3
5 1

예제 입력 2

2 2 20
1 2
1 2

예제 출력 2

1 2
1
1 2